Portfolio Theory's Underpinning Principles Need to Be Uncovered before Assignment

Portfolio Theory's Underpinning Principles Need to Be Uncovered before Appreciating the Ceration of Capital Asset Pricing Model - Assignment Example The gain achieved from one asset can offset the loss incurred from the other only if both the assets are negatively correlated. In this project the basic principles of the portfolio theory or the portfolio management theory has been discussed along with the theoretical aspect of the portfolio management theory. The investment viability criteria have also been discussed along with the other basic conditions like risk and return which should be considered before making any investment. The need of diversification of the portfolio has also been discussed along with all the risks associated with the diversified portfolios. Principles of portfolio As per Lonestreth Bevis portfolio can be described as a mixture of investment which is held or will be held by the investor. This means a portfolio is a collection or a group of two or more assets or securities held by the investor to gain maximum return while setting off the risk associated with one stock with the return of the other. The invest ment portfolio is guided by a number of principles. The decision regarding the portfolio will comprise of the decisions regarding the securities held in that portfolio. If the investor is expecting more return then he have to bear more risk too. This means that high return comes with higher risk. The risk of the variability of a particular asset held in the portfolio depends on when the investor will liquidate or sell it. Diversifying the investment will lessen the risk associated with the portfolio. Therefore diversification will help to reduce of the variability of the return associated with the portfolio. The portfolio should be formed as per the need and the risk tolerance level of the investor (Periasamy, 2009, p.7.10). One of the important principles regarding the portfolio is efficient allocation of assets in the portfolio. Moist of the performance of the portfolio depends upon the correct allocation of securities in the portfolio. The securities which are to be included in t he portfolio the portfolio should be properly analysed in term of the expected return and risk associated with them and should be allocated in the portfolio according to the most appropriate weightage in order to achieve desired return from the portfolio. This could be done by analysing the historical prices and the performance of the portfolio (Ambrose wealth management, No Date, p.10). Theoretical background of portfolio management theory The portfolio management deals with the formation and performance of the portfolio. Theoretically the portfolio can be managed in five basic steps. The first step of managing the portfolio is to analyse the securities which are available for investment. This step includes accessing the various securities available to the investors. The securities which are available are analysed on the basis of the risk and return of those securities. The securities can range from the stocks to fixed deposits to risk free assts like treasury bills. The second ste p is to form different portfolios and analysing them. This is done by analysing

Role of modern technology Essay Example for Free

Role of modern technology Essay Modern technology plays an important role in our daily lives, it is the means of communication and entertainment. Computers, televisions and smartphones has influenced our lives in different ways, nowadays everyone carries a smartphone with access to the Internet. Imagine going a whole day without your cell phone. Would you be able to function right? The advancement of many new sciences has made our lives easier and more convenient. As our technology improves, so does our quality of life. For instance new health machines have significantly increased the average life span for humans as well as household pets. There are apps and machines that people can use at home: small devices that you can plug into your computer and it will give you an overview of your body; heart rate, blood pressure, Now people can just stay at home and not visit the doctor. Today, technology influences our every move. We have Facebook, twitter, E-mail, whatsapp, line and many other social apps that enable us to stay connected with our distanced friends and families in affordable costs. It has cut down costs of travelling, online shopping is now high on rage there is huge variety of products; it saves time, and products tend to be less expensive online. Moreover this is good for the people having no time to shop for themselves. Also now people use computers for the advancement of their knowledge, books are no longer the main way to improve the understanding of a specific matter. Even though it is said that modern machines causes a lot of pollution that is abusing the environment, mechanics have invented machines that has benefited the environment in various ways, for instance the technologies like oil skimmers help make environment cleanup more effectively, also the hybrid technology, it is fuel efficient and creates fewer carbon dioxide emissions than many petrol powered cars. The hybrid technology is renowned for reliability and durability, which can result in low maintenance costs. In conclusion I think rapid advancement of technology has made a great impact on peoples life-styles, the way people communicate now has significantly  changed, the modern health machines have saved many lives and the environmental issues have been considered and so now machines are being invented which helps reduce the co2 emissions. Looking at the positive side, overall it has made society even better and there is no limit to the development of the technology.

Effect of Migration on Development of Northern Ghana

Effect of Migration on Development of Northern Ghana Migration has been an age-long activity which has been going on in different forms and continues to be a vital component of individual and societal development through acquisition and transfer of knowledge and resources. Migration is a global phenomenon which continues to dominate the scenes around the world, while some form of migration is been promoted for economic reasons, other forms face strict restrictions. Migratory movement within and beyond regional boundaries across has been enhanced through globalization and advancement in modern technology (Koser, K 2008). In Ghana migration is a common activity throughout all the regions, tribes and family with almost every single family having either an international migrant or internal migrant. This picture reflects in the Northern region of Ghana in a very alarming manner with many young and able bodies migrating to prominent cities in such of improved livelihood. Background of the study area. Northern region of Ghana lies between the two upper regions and the Brong Ahafo region and Volta region. It has Tamale as the regional capital with eighteen districts assemblies. The region is characterized by one rainy season with an annual rainfall of about 750 to 1050mm. The rainy season starts around May through to October and the dry season from November to April. The climatic conditions and vegetation type are classified under dry savanna, the regions environmental conditions are highly influenced by its proximity to the Sahara desert which account for the poor soil type dry weather condition. The economic activity which is predominant in the region is Agriculture; it employs about eighty percent of the population in the region. With one main farming season, as agriculture in Ghana largely depends on rainfall patterns, the region relies on its rain season for cultivation. The main crops grown in the region such as maize, millet, cowpeas, groundnut, sorghum, cassava, rice and yam are cultivated on subsistence bases. They mostly use labour intensive methods of farming with the simple farm tools and implement. The region has been behind its southern peers in terms of development for far too long. It is also viewed deprived with limited natural resources to fuel its development process. The south can boast of coastal resource, good soil, with rich mineral and forest resources that accounts for the attractiveness to colonial masters then and investors now. Therefore developments in modern infrastructure and economic activities have been centrally focused in the south which may be attributed to the frequent out migration from the Northern region to no other destination but to the south The region has historically been faced with out migration, since the pre-colonial era. From the colonial era the north served as labour pool where the needed labour force were fished out to feed the highly labour demanding south, in the mining and the cocoa industry. Males dominated migration then due to the physical demands of the job on the mines and farmers were mostly unskilled. Females were not of significance in terms numbers, those who migrated were mostly accompanying spouses or those migrating to reunite with spouses. Minimal female out migration from the north can also be attributed to the social-cultural factors such as marriage and family served as barrier in the past to female movement; life was viewed to be mostly around family and marriage. Males were regarded as sole bread winners of the family and females or women as dependents. However, recent trend of out migration involve more of younger females unlike in the past were female migration was usually for the purpose family reunion; it has been dominated by independently migrated young females. The female numbers from the north has been increasing dramatically and has taken centre stage of recent research into internal migration. Both males and females move to the cities, mostly without any special skills and work menial jobs as head porters, the males use four wheeled trucks in their work (Hashim, 2007). PROBLEM STATEMENT Internal migration in Ghana has become a means of harmonizing ethnic differences through interaction, cooperate work and inter-marriages. Migration from regions and districts seen as naturally, economically and socially deprived or deficient in terms of economic activities and basic social amenities to other regions and cities perceived as economically and socially endowed continues all year round in Ghana. Although these forms of movement to other highly rated regions to seek uncertain bright future cut across all regions in Ghana, but anyone may come to conclude that the northern region seems to have a very significant rate of migration ( Boakye-Yiadom and MacKay, 2007). The Northern region of Ghana has seen a massive exodus of youth into other regions for various reasons over the years. In recent years a new trend that has emerged involve young males and females who migrate to the cities of Accra and Kumasi in particular. Notable among these migrants are females who work as head p orters. These females face many challenges daily, exploited and live in deplorable conditions on the streets and slums of Accra and Kumasi. Their male counterparts are not exception as they face similar situation. This case study seeks to examine: i. the various motivating factors behind this migration trend. ii. the short and long-term effects migration on Northern Ghanas development. Literature Review Migration and development Development is wide and dynamic concept with divergent views and assumptions. The concept has been variously defined based on the discourse. Development is seen to be a process aimed at achieving specific targeted goals (Kingsbury, D. et al. 2004).It can be explained as a progressive socioeconomic process for empowering the poor to improve their livelihood(Sen, 1988). It is seen as a process which runs parallel to growth or improved situation livelihood. Migration Migration is defined broadly as a permanent or temporary change of residence. No restriction is placed upon the distance of the move or upon the voluntary or involuntary nature of the act, and no distinction is made between external and internal migration.(Lee E.S, 1966) Gender and migration Gender represents socially constructed masculine and feminine while sex is the biological determined categories of male and female. It then explains that ones sex is determined at conception but an individual gender identity develops over a life course and can fluctuate across a wide continuum of masculine and feminine characteristics. Nicholson (1995 in McDowell 1999:13), the differences between the two terms sex and gender sex is the biological differences between a man and a woman and gender describes the socially constructed characteristics of men and women. It is further explained that gender is the social organisation of sexual difference. It then follows that gender is the knowledge that establishes meaning for bodily differences. According to Moore (1988 in McDowell 1999:7) in analyzing what is to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-a woman and the cultural understanding of the category, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-woman vary through space and time and how those understandings relate to the position of women in different societies. To understand this we need to understand the concept of gender and gender relations: that is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬-the different ways in which women and men and the accepted attributes of femininity and masculinity which are defined across space and time (ibid). She argues that gender is then seen from two perspectives: either as a symbolic construction or as a social relationship. Gender as a social relation and gender as a symbolic meaning are interconnected and mutually constituted (McDowell 1999:7). We all act in relation to our intentions and beliefs which are always culturally shaped and historically and spatially positioned. The appropriate behaviour and actions by women and men reflect and affect what they imagine a man or a woman to be, as well as women and men who are differentiated with age, class, race or sexuality, and these expected behaviour and beliefs change over time and between places (ibid). Gender role constraints is underpinned by the social expectation that womens main activities should be close to family care and household maintenance and the assumption that women will interrupt their working lives to care for children and elderly relatives (Tivers 1977 in Jenkins 2005:8). How has these gender role constraints affected married women with children who have left the home to migrate to a new environment to work in the informal economy to pr ovide for the household. The Gender and Migration Linkage Prior to the mid 1980s, migration was regarded as a male phenomenon (Sjaastad, 1962; Lee, 1969; Todaro, 1977; Lipton, 1980). Authors such as Stouffer (1976) and Oberai, (1983) assert that until most recently, the physical movement of people from one place to another for employment was predominantly undertaken by men. The Todaro (1969) and Harris-Todaro (1970) models, which are some of the earliest models of migration, also emphasize that internal migration occurs in a dual economy, in which the urban sector draws male labour force from the rural sector. Meanwhile, other aspects of rural-urban linkages such as the gendered traditional division of labour and farm and non-farm employment have often been overlooked (Roca, 1994:102). Migration was being seen by some researchers and scholars as gender-neutral because it deals with the process of movement of persons (Anarfi, 1982; Sabot, 1988).13 Meanwhile, migration is actually gender-structured because men and women migrate for different reasons, use different channels and most importantly, migration has different consequences for men and women in both sending and receiving communities (Chant Radcliffe, 1992; Silberschmidt, 1999; Potts, 2000). For those leaving, internal migration can result in either empowerment or, on the contrary, increased vulnerability and even victimization (FAO/UNFPA, 1991:23). Likewise, for those remaining, the departure of men and/or women from the household will have a specific influence depending on the migrants status and role within the household prior to migrating, such as being main wage earner, spouse, parent or young daughter or son (Fadoyomi, 1980). For a rural farming household, in particular, the consequences of migration depends on the socio-cultural and economic context, gender and age of migrant, position of migrant within the household, the agro-ecological environment, the type of migratory movement, whether it is temporary or permanent, and the employment possibilities and self-sufficiency of migrant, and the ability to send adequate remittances to maintain the level of farming prior to migration (Andersson, 2002:78-79). One of the major implications of rural-urban migration is that it is the most able-bodied, relatively young and educated persons that migrate from rural to urban areas. This process, therefore, leaves behind rural communities composed of women, children, the elderly and uneducated, who are faced with the tremendous challenge of sustaining their household livelihood and the rural economy effectively (Findlay Williams, 1990:65; Anh, 2003:79). 14 The predominantly male out-migration from rural areas may also bring about changes in the agricultural gender division of labour, as the migration process will invariably increase womens workload on the farm, thereby resulting in the feminization of agriculture (FAO, 1995; Deshingkar Start, 2003:99).15 The out-migration of men Discussion Internal migration within Ghana from north to the south has had a long history. Although all forms of migration takes place for specific reasons based on the experience of people from their places origin. There has been several debate on reasons the northern region is lagging behind in development, some attribute it governments neglect, conflict and unwillingness of investors to establish in the northern. All but one thing is has to be looked into critically is migration. The impacts of out migration from the northern region on both young males and females migrant as well as the northern region may reflect in the long term. For any region or place to develop, it will depend on how efficient the resources available to the area will be utilized. It may involve the assessment of disparities or minding the gaps in development between the sending and receiving areas of migrants. Gaps in educational level among the regions will likely determine the sector of the economy that could absorb the migrant. Poverty level in the north influence the trend of migration to other cities as has been estimated to have over two thirds of the population living below the poverty line. Various reasons that establish relationship between North- south migration and development in the northern region or the northern sector and the southern sector of Ghana, points to the development policy and plan during the colonial era. Although migration of migration is not only a problem with the northern region but most parts of the country, both males and females migrate internally and internationally. Out-Migration in other southern regions mostly differs in patterns and benefits. The north-south trend is characterize by young males and females ranging from ages thirteen and above to about 45 year. Between ages 13-25 form the core of the migrant, who are either school drop-out or without any special trade. Over ninety percent are engaged as head porters (Kayayoo) or truck pushers. Their job involves carting goods from the market that has been purchased by patrons to their preferred destination around the market area. Income from their activities is so minimal to even fully support them to maintain good standard of living. This forces some of the female migrant to resort to prostitution to again extra more income in order to survive. The males sometime join gangs to  Many migrant females are relegated to prostitution in destination areas because of  their lack of employable skills or due to gender discriminations of employment. Some have had to offer sex in exchange for jobs, food, shelter and protection, leaving them  prone to sexually transmitted diseases. Many young females who migrate from the Northern  and Upper regions of Ghana to the capital Accra, to work as head porters (Kayayei) live on the  streets. They are exposed to the vagaries of the weather and face constant risks of sexual assault,  theft of their meager earnings and rape. Many are forced into prostitution as a means of survival  (Apt, 1998). Besides the combination of low wages and the need to save and send home as  much money as possible leaves relegates many female migrants to a low quality of life where  their own personal needs and health may be neglected. It is estimated that about 45-55% of  refugee populations across the world are women. Many of these women refugees are exposed  to gender based sexual violence. They are victims of rape, forced impregnation and abortions,  sexual slavery and intentional spread of STIs including HIV/AIDS (UNFPA, 2004 Motivations for migration A research by Ghana Statistical service estimated that about 80% of the combined Northern Ghana population are living in poverty (Ghana Statistical Service, 2007). Therefore the idea to migrate by a family member is relief to the family. Moreover, the declining soil fertility, lack of access to arable agricultural land and the single farming season has also been a contributory factor. Again the peasant nature of farming means low dispensable income for families. The Increasing economic and infrastructure gap between the north and the south, increasing economic activities in the receiving cities is seen a factor for both male and female migration from the Northern region. Resource deficit and lack of income generation activities to support themselves and their relatives has partly influenced the migration (Anarfi and Kwankye, 2005). Movement from the north to the south to mainly cities of Accra and Kumasi may be due to the fact they have heard of these as the surest place to make it in life. The urge to diversify livelihood options as the region has fewer opportunities to offer the regard migration as an alternative source of livelihood. (Anarfi and Kwankye, 2005). Network of friends and relative, serve to link friends and relatives with jobs and assist them with all the information needed to establish them in the new location. Intermittent ethnic conflicts in the Northern region have forced people to migrate out of northern region to the south where the peace prevails with improved infrastructure for instants in 1994 the Kokomba conflict causes of people to move south wards. Those who migrated were mostly women and children when men were actively engaged in the conflict. Impacts of migration Remittances from migrant serves as an alternative source of income to families of migrant (Quartey,2006). Unlike international migrants, whose remittance form the bulk of family source of income and may also go into investment in business, housing project to mention but a few, remittances from internal migrants are usually for domestic support of parent healthcare, daily upkeep or childcare. The transfer channels use for transferring monies to family are usually informal through networks again, when a friend or relative is returning home. Migration changes hands in gender roles with traditional role of women in childcare where women with children leave them in the care of men, parents or relative (Oppong, 1997). Most often the children lack proper upbringing and care when the mother or both parent have migrated out. This usually affects child education and may be neglected when the parent fail to send in money to support the family (Parrenas, 2001) Migration may lead to lose of vibrant productive labour force that families and communities need most for production in the agricultural, craft and other labour intensive jobs. Thus lose of youthful contribution to development. (Awumbila Ardayfioà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Schandorf , 2008) Challenges of migration Migrants to the cities of Accra and Kumasi face lots of challenges but females are the most vulnerable  world only a minority of women are granted refugee status (UNFPA, 2004). This is because  gender related causes of persecution are rarely accepted as valid grounds for refugee status. Also  women usually lack the literacy or educational clout to complete the usually bureaucratic  application process. (Caritas Europa, 2007). The participation of females in migration has led to  Migration in Ghana: Thematic Paper 2009 22  the development of a labour niche for females ( domestic work, childcare etc) characterized by  low wages, unfair labor practices and exploitation and exclusion of females form certain kinds of  work-often of the formal nature (Oppong, 1997). Poor Quality of Life Migrants, especially females tend to be the most vulnerable and they face many challenges and  tend to live under deprived conditions often times without access to social services in destination  communities. Conclusion Based on gender analysis and differences as well as diversity in family and economic status of males and females migrate may have similar motivation for migration but may have difference in the experiences. The region is losing valuable ingredient that needs to be restructured to enhance the development process in the Northern region. New interventions in the area of capacity building for the youth to improve the quality of life in the region needs be on the plan, and well executed. Educational campaigns on challenges migrants go through and the need to will help in the development process of the region may help reduce or stem the trend in the bud. Credit accessibility and at an affordable interest to assist farmer and others in private ventures could maintain the population flow. Improved infrastructure, terms of health facilities, roads, schools, potable water will help bridge the gaps in development that attracts the youth. Therefore the region may develop other gender related programs to help the youth and the region as a whole

Juvenile Crime Prevention in America Essay -- Juvenile Crime Essays

Juvenile crime in the United States is ballooning out of control along with adult crimes, and politicians and law enforcement officials don’t seem to be able to do anything about it. Despite tougher sentencing laws, longer probation terms, and all other efforts of lawmakers, the crime and recidivism rates in our country can’t be reduced. The failure of these recent measures along with new research and studies by county juvenile delinquency programs point to the only real cure to the U.S.’s crime problem: prevention programs. The rising crime rates in the United States are of much worry to most of the U.S.’s citizens, and seems to be gaining a sense of urgency. Crime ranks highest in nationwide polls as Americans’ biggest concern (Daltry 22). For good reason- twice as many people have been victims of crimes in the 1990s as in the 1970s (Betts 36). Four times as many people under the age of eighteen were arrested for homicide with a handgun in 1993 th an in 1983 (Schiraldi 11A). These problems don’t have a quick fix solution, or even an answer that everyone can agree on. A study by the Campaign for an Effective Crime Policy has found no deterrent effects of the â€Å"Three Strikes and You’re Out† law recently put into effect by politicians (Feinsilber 1A). It has been agreed however that there is not much hope of rehabilitating criminals once started on a life of crime. Criminologist David Kuzmeski sums up this feeling by saying, â€Å"If society wants to protect itself from violent criminals, the best way it can do it is lock them up until they are over thirty years of age.... I am not aware of any treatment that has been particularly successful.† The problem with his plan is that our country simply doesn’t have the jail space, or money to ... ... Tribune 8 February 1998: 1B Feinsilber, Mike. â€Å"Unrepentant Repeaters Stymie System† Medford Mail Tribune. 28 February: 1A Howell, James C., ed. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious Violent and Chronic Juvenile Off Works Cited Andrews, D.A, Phd. Principles for Effective Delinquency Prevention and Early enders. United States: The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 1995. Howell, James C. and Barry Krisberg. Serious Violent and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. California: Sage Publications, 1995. Juvenile Department, Jackson County. 1997 Report on Programs and Statistics. Salem: Jackson County Juvenile Department. Ryan, Michael. â€Å"They’re Turning in Their Guns†. Parade. 3 May 1998: 10-11 Schiraldi, Vince. â€Å"Exaggeration of Juvenile Crime Drives Stiffer Penalties†. Medford Mail Tribune 16 January 1998: 1A

Analyze the aims, methods, and degree of success of the Catholic Reformation Essay

In the early 16th century the Protestant Reformation had happened and made the popularity of Catholicism to decline. In response to the Protestant Reformation the Catholic Reformation was issued to reestablish the power and popularity of Catholicism and the Roman Catholic church. The Catholic Reformation created new societies, while fixing problems of the Roman Catholic church. Through the Catholic Reformation The main reasons for the Catholic Reformation was a response to Protestantism and a response to reform the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church was riddled with corruption and scandals such as simony(sale of church offices), absenteeism(priests not showing up to services), and the sale of indulgences(paying the church to absolve sins). Many priests were illiterate and some abused their powers for absolution of sins To reform the structure of Catholic church Pope Paul III had established the Council of Trent which consisted of Catholic cardinals who were responsible for handling the reforms of the Catholic Church. The Council of Trent is considered to be one of the Catholic Church’s most important councils. The Council had 25 sessions from 1545-1563 that would address the issues of the Catholic church. The result of these 25 sessions were the validation of all 7 sacraments and the reaffirmation of Monasticism, celibacy of clergy Transubstantiation, and purgatory. Basically The Council of Trent fixed problems of Catholicism. Another result from the Catholic Reformation is the religious order of the Jesuits (Society of Jesus). Founded in 1540 by St. Ignatious Loyala the Jesuits had 3 goals reform the church through education, spread the Gospel to the Pagans, and to fight Protestantism . Jesuit schools were highly regarded as the finest schools for education in Europe. The Jesuits were organized in a military fashion following rules from Loyola’s guidebook Spiritual Exercises. The book would inform Jesuits how to have less attachment of physical items and informed Jesuits on how â€Å"to master the soul to manipulate the body†.

Coffea arabica Essays

Coffea arabica Essays Coffea arabica Essay Coffea arabica Essay I. A. About the Industry Coffee is a brewed drink with a distinguishable olfactory property and spirit. prepared from the roasted seeds of the Coffea works. A java works is normally a shrub or little tree that grows to 10-12 pess ( although it can turn up to 32 pess ) and can bring forth java beans for decennaries. It can populate for between 60 and 70 old ages. It can take up to four old ages for a java tree to make adulthood and bear fruit. The English word java originates from the Arabic word kaweh’ significance strength or energy. The seeds are found in java cherries . which grow on trees cultivated in over 70 states. chiefly in equatorial Latin America. Southeast Asia. South Asia and Africa. Green ( unroasted ) java is one of the most traded agricultural trade goods in the universe. Coffee is somewhat acidic ( pH 5. 0–5. 1 ) and can hold a stimulating consequence on worlds because of its caffeine content. Commercial java is grown in an country between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn dearly known as the bean belt . In order for the java works to boom. it needs moderate sunlight and rain. porous dirt and changeless temperatures between 65 and 75? F. Before the java bean can be used to do java. it has to be roasted. The roasting procedure alterations the colour of the green java beans. First they turn xanthous and so brown. The longer they roast the darker they become. The strongest joints result in black beans. At the same clip. the heat causes alterations in the gustatory sensation and odor of the beans. Aromatic oils are released that conveying out the spirit of java. In the 19th century. people roasted their java at place on their ranges or over unfastened fires. Nowadays. the commercial java roasters use tremendous ovens to roast the java. Temperature and clip are carefully controlled. sometimes by computing machines. because merely a few seconds can dramatically alter the concluding spirit of the java. The roasting can be done in merely a minute. In general. a light joint gives a mild gustatory sensation. a medium joint produces a well–rounded. rich spirit and olfactory property and a high joint gives a strong. typical spirit. Coffee is one of the most consumed drinks after H2O. Coffee is one of the most traded trade goods in the universe after oil. Over 1400 million cups of java are drunk around the universe each twenty-four hours. The bulk of java is consumed at breakfast. Coffee berries. which contain the java seeds. are produced by several species of little evergreen shrub of the genus Coffea. The two most normally grown are besides the most extremely regarded Coffea arabica. and the robusta signifier of the hardier Coffea canephora. The latter is immune to the lay waste toing java foliage rust ( Hemileia vastatrix ) . Once mature. java berries are picked. processed. and dried. The seeds are so roasted to changing grades. depending on the coveted spirit. before being land and brewed to make java. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a assortment of ways. An of import export trade good. java was the top agricultural export for 12 states in 2004. and it was the world’s seventh-largest legal agricultural export by value in 2005. Some contention is associated with java cultivation and its impact on the environment. Consequently. organic java is an spread outing market. The top 10 coffee-producing states are: Brazil. Ethiopia. Colombia. India. Indonesia. Guatemala. Vietnam. Cote d’Ivoire. Mexico and Uganda. The emotional and physical benefits of java are legion. Not merely does coffee gustatory sensation good. it can excite. relax and review the organic structure. Coffee stimulates the senses through its caffeine content which stimulates metamorphosis and supports mental watchfulness and concentration. The organic structure absorbs it within 30 proceedingss. and its positive effects may last 2-5 hours. Coffee relaxes the organic structure because it hydrates it. Because H2O is the chief ingredient in a cup of java. it helps the organic structure work towards its day-to-day H2O demands and is practically free of Calories. Coffee besides refreshes the organic structure with its wealth of polyphenols. Polyphenols are foods that aid keep the organic structure in good wellness over clip. They are besides found in green tea. fruits and chocolate. B. Brief History of Coffee The history of java goes at least as far back as the 13th century. The narrative of Kaldi. the 9th-century Ethiopian caprine animal Herder who discovered java while seeking for his caprine animals. did non look in composing until 1671 and is likely apocryphal. From Ethiopia. java was said to hold spread to Egypt and Yemen. The earliest believable grounds of either java imbibing or cognition of the java tree appears in the center of the 15th century. in the Sufi monasteries of Yemen. By the sixteenth century. it had reached the remainder of the Middle East. Persia. Turkey. and Northern Africa. Coffee so spread to Balkans. Italy. and to the remainder of Europe. to Indonesia. Asia and so to America. Wild coffee’s stimulating consequence was likely first discovered in the northeast part of Ethiopia. Coffee cultivation foremost took topographic point in southern Arabia ; the earliest believable grounds of coffee-drinking appears in the center of the fifteenth century in the Sufi shrines of Yemen. In East Africa and Yemen. java was used in native spiritual ceremonials that were in competition with the Christian Church. As a consequence. the Ethiopian Church banned its secular ingestion until the reign of Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia. The drink was besides banned in Ottoman Turkey during the seventeenth century for political grounds and was associated with rebellious political activities in Europe In the Philippines. java has a history every bit rich as its spirit. says the National Coffee Development Board ( NCDB ) . whose chief aim is to develop and advance the Filipino java industry through proficient aid and recognition plans for java farms and through selling and publicities of java for domestic and export markets. History records show that the first java tree was introduced in Lipa. Batangas in 1740 by a Spanish Franciscan monastic. From at that place. java turning spread to other parts of Batangas like Ibaan. Lemery. San Jose. Taal. and Tanauan. Batangas owed much of its wealth to the java plantations in these countries and Lipa finally became the java capital of the Philippines. By the 1860s. Batangas was exporting java to America through San Francisco. the NCDB- records. When the Suez Canal was opened. a new market started in Europe every bit good. Sing the success of the Batangenos. Cavite followed suit by turning the first java seedlings in 1876 in Amadeo. In malice of this. Lipa still reigned as the centre for java production in the Philippines and Batangas barako was commanding five times the monetary value of other Asiatic java beans. In 1880. the Philippines was the 4th largest exporter of java beans. and. when the java rust hit Brazil. Africa and Java ( Indonesia ) . it became the lone beginning of java beans around the universe. The java rust disease about wiped it out during the last one-fourth of the nineteenth century. Coffee registered a entire production of 123. 934 metric dozenss valued at P6818. 18 million in 1995. Today. nevertheless. the Philippines produces merely. 012 % of the world’s java supply. Attempts are being undertaken to resuscitate the industry nevertheless. with the bulk of java produced in the mountain countries of Batangas. Bukidnon. Benguet. Cavite. Kalinga. Apayao. Davao. and Claveria.

Science Explains Why You Lose Water Weight

Science Explains Why You Lose Water Weight New dieters, especially if theyre eating a low carb diet, see a dramatic initial weight loss ranging from four to 12 pounds in the first week. The initial loss is exciting, but it quickly slows to one or two pounds per week. Youve probably heard this early weight loss is water weight, rather than  fat. Where does water weight come from and why does it drop before fat? Heres the scientific explanation. Key Takeaways: Water Weight Loss On a low carbohydrate diet, the body turns to glycogen as an energy source after it expends glucose. Quick water weight loss occurs when metabolizing glycogen because the process requires water.Eating or drinking excess electrolytes can lead to water retention because the body keeps the water to maintain a set electrolyte balance as part of homeostasis.Dehydration can also lead to water retention. In this situation, the body acts to conserve water when its not being replenished. The Source of Water Weight The early weight loss from a diet can be partly fat, especially if youre exercising and reducing calories, but if youre using more energy than youre replacing as food and drink, the first weight youll lose will be water. Why? Its because the energy source your body turns to once it runs out of its relatively small store ​of ​carbohydrates (sugars) is glycogen. Glycogen is a large molecule made up of a protein core surrounded by glucose subunits. Its  stored in the liver and muscles for use during energy-intensive activities, like running away from danger and supporting the brain when food is scarce. Glycogen can be quickly metabolized to meet the bodys need for glucose, but each gram of glycogen is bound to three to four grams of water. So, if you use up your bodys glycogen stores (as when dieting or with prolonged exercising), a lot of water is released over a short amount of time. It only takes a few days of dieting for glycogen to be expended, so the initial weight loss is dramatic. Loss of water can lead to loss of inches. However, as soon as you eat enough carbohydrates (sugars or starches), your body readily replaces its glycogen stores. This is one reason people often see an initial weight gain immediately after going off a diet, particularly if it was one that restricted carbohydrates. Its not the fat coming back, but you can expect all the water you lost the first couple of days of a diet to return. Other Causes of Water Weight Changes There are many biochemical reactions in the body that affect how much water is stored or released. Natural hormonal fluctuations can have a big impact on water storage. Since the body maintains stable electrolyte levels, losing too much of an electrolyte can leave you dehydrated, while too high of intake can cause you to retain water. Diuretics are chemicals that prompt the release of water. Natural diuretics include any stimulant, such as coffee or tea. These chemicals temporarily alter the natural set point for water retention, causing slight dehydration. Alcohol also acts as a diuretic, potentially causing much greater dehydration because additional water is used to metabolize ethanol. Eating too much sodium (as from salt)  leads to water retention because water is needed to dilute the high level of the electrolyte. Low potassium, another electrolyte, can also cause fluid retention because potassium is used in the mechanism that releases water. Many medications also affect water homeostasis, potentially leading to water weight gain or loss. So do some supplements. For example, dandelion and stinging nettle are natural diuretic herbs. Because water is used for thermoregulation, heavy perspiration, whether it be from exertion or sweating in a sauna, can produce temporary weight loss from dehydration. This weight is immediately replaced after drinking water or other beverages or eating foods that contain water. A surprising cause of water retention is mild dehydration. Because water is critical to so many processes, when its not being replenished at a fast enough rate, conservation mechanisms kick in. Water weight wont be lost until adequate water is being consumed and normal hydration is achieved. After that point, research indicates drinking more water doesnt aid weight loss. Nutrition expert Beth Kitchen (the University of Alabama at Birmingham) conducted research that concluding drinking more water does burn a few more calories, but it wasnt a significant number. Her research also indicated drinking ice-cold water as opposed to room temperature water resulting in an insignificant difference in calories burned and weight lost.

PARAPHRASING Essays - Emotions, Happiness, Personal Life

PARAPHRASING Essays - Emotions, Happiness, Personal Life PARAPHRASING 1.Once a private act of perhaps the most intensely familial nature, eating together has become for many Americans a public act evolving others in a variety of relationships, few of which are matters of blood. James Helmer states that for many of the Americans, having food together, which has profounding familial nature, is a public performance of developing various new kinships, in which only a little is about blood relations. 2.McDonalds would win because it, better than any of its competitors, was able to catch up and exploit in its advertising a number of significant historical and contemporary development in American community and family life. The success of McDonalds advertisement is that, it succeeded in communicating and conveying about the remarkable historical and modern progress in American society and family life far better than any of its opponents. 3.Specifically, it demonstrates how familial images were employed as a means of persuasion that ultimately portrayed McDonalds as a potential source of love and human happiness as a place of being family. In advertisements, McDonalds presents various familial images, which depicts family as a place of love and affection of ultimate human happiness. 4.Family for some of these people no doubt meant these similar others, or perhaps the people with whom they worked or carried on some other activity. To few people in America family means, people who are alike them or may be people with they are engaging in some works or other activity. 5.What McDonalds would do was paint itself as many things that answered peoples basic and powerful need for someone to mend the fragments with caring. The action of McDonald is that it refines itself in many terms as to answer publics essential and strong requirements, which requires someone to restore broken pieces with care.

CCEI1220P1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CCEI1220P1 - Essay Example Also, it seemed that Mercy was not aware of what a majority of the gadgets were for as she, at times, innocently threw her toys against the wall, which is simply a way of seeing what would happen to them. She used to trace objects on the drawing paper and the teacher also encouraged her to come up with complete words using the sticky word papers. She also used to produce rhythms with her plastic guns just by shaking it. It was as if the guitar had some ball bearings in it, which produced the rhythm. She opted to play by herself a majority of times, but this was because the school environment was not similar to the home environment where she feels much safer. What Mercy did could be equated to what many other individuals did when they were once her age. She developed a sense of trust with individuals who were nice to her, including her teacher, as well as her classmates. The name of the child that I observed is called John. He is 4 years old and with my five minutes, three-day observation of the child, I saw that he was a very bright student who was eager to learn and discover new things. Some of the activities that the child was involved in was playing with Lego, toy cars and other toys such as dolls and action figures, drawings, solving puzzles with his classmates, sleeping, telling stories and singing dance songs together. John was overly involved with what was taking place around the classroom. All his activities were successful tackled. When John played with his toys, he had such a passion that made other students stop and observe him while playing. He tried to imitate actual situations that drivers get themselves into when veering traffic or trying to park at a parking fool of cars, which made his play so interesting. Also, he made sure that he solved a majority of the puzzles and the ones that were hard to him he sought assistance from his cl assmates and the teacher. John was also willing to work with his classmates to solve puzzles, create nice

LAWS310 Percy Vs. Derby (Write a persuasive argument) Essay

LAWS310 Percy Vs. Derby (Write a persuasive argument) - Essay Example This was how the case of Severson v. Elberon Elevator, Inc. was ruled. Severson was promised the ability to purchase real estate from Elberon Elevator, but Elberon Elevator breached this contract. The court came to the rightful decision that having Elberon merely pay damages would not be enough because the promised real estate was uniquely situated to Severson's needs; specific action would be required. (Iowa Supreme Court, 1977). Similarly, Percy was promised a unique piece of property that was uniquely situated to needs. Darby agreed by contract to sell Percy this one of a kind, hand-crafted gazebo that happens to be well-situated for Percy's hilly backyard. There are no other gazebos like it; no amount of money that Darby paid in damages could buy Percy what he was promised the ability to purchase. Darby also agreed by contract to move and install the gazebo into Percy's yard. No matter how much money Darby paid to Percy in damages, it has been clearly established that there are no other parties willing to undertake this installation. Due to the unique nature of the gazebo and rare willingness Darby showed to install it, Darby fully owes Percy specific performance. Those misguidedly in favor of the defendant, Darby, may point to the case of Yonan v. Oak Park Federal Savings, but they do so in error.

International Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Accounting - Essay Example Burberry Group Plc. is a multinational company which operates its business in the apparel sector of the textile industry. It is headquartered at London, United Kingdom and was founded in the year 1856 (Yahoo Finance, 2012a). Hennes & Mauritz AB is headquartered at Stockholm, Sweden and was founded in the year 1947. It is also engaged in the business of running retail stores in Sweden and abroad and offers different types of products which mainly includes apparels, footwear, cosmetics, etc. (Yahoo Finance, 2012b). Comparison of environmental disclosures in the annual reports Annual reports of a company are meant for the shareholders and different other stakeholders to help them in their decision making process. According to GRI, every public company is required to present their sustainability report referring to various environmental disclosures in their annual reports. Sustainability reports serve for the purpose of making the public organizations follow practices which would ensure their accountability and responsibilities towards their stakeholders. According to G3 sustainability report guidelines the performance indicators are broadly classified into three categories namely, Environmental, Economic and Social (GRI, n. d.). Six different aspects of the environmental disclosures as mentioned in the G3 sustainability report related to Burberry and H&M has been discussed in details as given below: Materials There are two environmental performance indicators mentioned in the G3 sustainability report that are related to the materials aspect. One such indicator is the materials used by a company in percentage terms that are recycled as input materials. This type of indicator has been devised to measure the ability of the organization to utilize its recycled input materials. If we look at the 2011 annual report of Burberry it can be observed that it has indicated its total recycled raw materials waste which has been recycled in 2011. However it is indicated in absol ute terms as 148 tons of raw materials waste recycled in 2011 (Burberry, 2012). Next the 2011 annual report of H&M indicates that no such indicators have been mentioned. It only talks about the company’s commitment towards reducing wastes that are used in its various production processes. However no such absolute figures or percentage terms related to the amount of recycled waste materials utilized by the company has been disclosed in its annual report (H&M, 2012). Hence, it can be concluded that Burberry complied with the disclosure requirements related to the materials aspect of environmental disclosures but H&M did not comply with the same. Energy There are five environmental performance indicators mentioned in the G3 sustainability report that are related to the energy aspect. One such indicator is the initiatives taken up by an organization to result in increasing use of renewable sources of energy in an efficient manner to help in the reduction of the overall energy req uirements of the company. In accordance with this disclosure requirement the companies are required to report on their existing initiatives that helped for the cause of reducing the energy requirements of the major products produced by them. The 2011 annual report of Burberry indicates that the company has mentioned about some of

HRM - Industrial relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

HRM - Industrial relationship - Essay Example The paper starts by explaining the meaning of employee relations then goes on to outline and evaluate the rationale behind the claim that partnerships are more important in the creation of fruitful employee relations. A conclusion summarising the main points discussed in the essay will be given at the end. In order to gain a clear understanding of the concept of employee relations, it is imperative to begin by explaining its meaning. â€Å"Employee Relations involves the body of work concerned with maintaining employer-employee relationships that contribute to satisfactory productivity, motivation, and morale.† This definition can be viewed from the following website . Basically, employee relations is mainly concerned with resolving problems or conflicts that may arise at workplace and the major aim is to improve the performance of the workers towards the attainment of the set organisational goals. The other aim of employee relations in the workplace is to correct any kind of misconduct where information is passed to the employees so that they will be better positioned to understand the goals of the management and the organisation as a whole. Employees are also advised about their rights and obligations and their participation as well as involvement in the decision making process is done through unions within different organisations. These unions would represent the grievances of the employees in a bid to create a conducive environment that will promote good employee relations. According to the to the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) as cited by the Learning and Teaching Support Network Guide (ND), employee involvement is ‘a range of processes designed to engage the support, understanding and optimum contribution of all employees in an organisation and their commitment to its objectives.’ This information can be viewed at . The members of the organisation are encouraged to play a part in making valuable contributions i n the decision making process of the organisation. This is believed to go a long way in fostering long term relationships between the employees and their employers for the betterment of the organisation as a whole. On the other hand, employee participation is defined as ‘a process of employee involvement designed to provide employees with the opportunity to influence and where appropriate, take part in decision making on matters which affect them.’ However, research has shown that the major difference in employee participation and involvement is that employee participation takes a pluralist approach while involvement is centred on individual concerns. In both cases, the management retains control and power of all the processes that may be involved in the decision making process. Whilst it is a noble idea to involve all the employees to participate in the decision m

Ethnographic Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethnographic Comparison - Essay Example The discussion focuses on studying human behavior and culture using multiple ethnographic accounts. The three societies taken for comparison are the southern Ethiopian society, Chinese society, and Cherokee, a Native American society. The analysis provides background information of all the three societies along with discussing the specific aspect of cultural change within these societies. A vivid comparison and contrast between the societies is done in relation to the cultural change among women and standard of living. The realities of life and human behavior in relation to the cultural change in these societies are also addressed. Furthermore, the discussion also examines some of the social problems and public policy issues that are apparent in these societies. Ethiopia, a sub-Saharan country in Africa, is considered to be home to one of the oldest known human societies. During the prehistoric period, Hamitic people from Asia Minor and Semitic traders from Arabia migrated to this region. Being a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic society, it comprised of different cultural and geo-political boundaries, but with the Orthodox Church mainly dominating the cultural, political, and social life of the population. From the ancient times, the Chinese society is one with rich traditions. The countrys civilization is home to around 55 ethnic minorities including 14 Taiwanese aborigine groups, Shaoshu Minzu, RPC nationals, and the Han majority (Johnson, 2014). With the recent economic reforms and policies, China has transformed into a stronger economy. The Cherokee Indians, one among the tribes of Native Americans, are expected to have lived in and around the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians Island. Ethnographers have recorded that these tribes migrated to south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region along with the Iroquoian people. The comparison of culture among these three societies provides valuable

Public Relation(Marketing) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Relation(Marketing) - Essay Example The ever diminishing turn-out in elections for the European Parliament - it fell in all but three member-states during the recent Euro elections - is just one eloquent expression of popular disaffection and indifference towards the EU" (Clegg, 2003, p.5). The focus of the present essay is the perception of British citizens of 50 of European Union and related institutions. The nationwide EU research, conducted in summer 2006, comprised 1,347 persons of British citizenship, 45% of whom were people over 50 (Eurobarometer 65). As the report holds, the British are known for their typical answers 'I don't care' and 'I don't know', but citizens over 50 have specific position. For instance, when asked about their opinion concerning the EU membership, 50 per cent of respondents answered 'It is a good idea', 16 per cent found it unacceptable, whereas there were 34 per cent, who were just unaware of current political issues. As for seniors, the huge percentage of people over 50 (30 per cent) view EU membership as problem and don't support it, and only 23 per cent found the idea sound and reasonable. Still, there are 47% of indifferent (or poorly-informed) citizens, the majority of who are aged over 65 and who are currently not able of following all news broadcasts. Nevertheless, the survey suggests that the situation has improved comparing to 46-per-cent unawareness in summer 2005 (Eurobarometer 63). On the other hand, the related dynamics among seniors is slower - whereas in 2005, the percentage of indifferent or unaware citizens aged over 50 was 49%, the recent research shows only 2-per cent decrease. This fact is clear and explainable: the survey was participated by various age groups and social classes - from students to businesspeople, and the natural increase of education level is exactly what the investigation has measured. On the other hand, citizens over 50 are less motivated in terms of political inquiries, so they are likely to remain either uninformed or uninterested. The exact percentage of uninformed citizens is 12 per cent: "What is also encouraging to note is that only 125 of the UK poll say that they know nothing at all about the European Union compared with 18 per cent a year ago. There is a welcome decline in the negative aspect of the UK data. A year ago, 28% of UK citizens said they never looked for information on the EU. It has now reduced slightly, but significantly, to 23%" (Eurobarometer 65, p.3). On the other hand, White et al highlights that this positive step forward is being done by the population under 45, whereas the development of consciousness in citizens over 50 has been in state of stagnation for five years. For instance, only 8 per cent of British seniors made attempts to find more extensive information about the EU (White, 2006), and their number has enjoyed only 1,5 per cent increase over the last year. Earlier research (Lafferty, 2004) introduces certain target audience for cognitive influence, and categorized the UK population by age and gender. Female students from 23 to 28 turned out the most perceptive and sensitive in terms of recent information campaigns, run by the EU. People over 50 are considered neither influential (i.e. they are not able and not motivated to persuade their surroundings) not sensitive to new information. Lafferty indicates that the typical profile of a UK citizen over 50 is following: a person interested in domestic news and concerned about governmental

HRM - Industrial relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

HRM - Industrial relationship - Essay Example The paper starts by explaining the meaning of employee relations then goes on to outline and evaluate the rationale behind the claim that partnerships are more important in the creation of fruitful employee relations. A conclusion summarising the main points discussed in the essay will be given at the end. In order to gain a clear understanding of the concept of employee relations, it is imperative to begin by explaining its meaning. â€Å"Employee Relations involves the body of work concerned with maintaining employer-employee relationships that contribute to satisfactory productivity, motivation, and morale.† This definition can be viewed from the following website . Basically, employee relations is mainly concerned with resolving problems or conflicts that may arise at workplace and the major aim is to improve the performance of the workers towards the attainment of the set organisational goals. The other aim of employee relations in the workplace is to correct any kind of misconduct where information is passed to the employees so that they will be better positioned to understand the goals of the management and the organisation as a whole. Employees are also advised about their rights and obligations and their participation as well as involvement in the decision making process is done through unions within different organisations. These unions would represent the grievances of the employees in a bid to create a conducive environment that will promote good employee relations. According to the to the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) as cited by the Learning and Teaching Support Network Guide (ND), employee involvement is ‘a range of processes designed to engage the support, understanding and optimum contribution of all employees in an organisation and their commitment to its objectives.’ This information can be viewed at . The members of the organisation are encouraged to play a part in making valuable contributions i n the decision making process of the organisation. This is believed to go a long way in fostering long term relationships between the employees and their employers for the betterment of the organisation as a whole. On the other hand, employee participation is defined as ‘a process of employee involvement designed to provide employees with the opportunity to influence and where appropriate, take part in decision making on matters which affect them.’ However, research has shown that the major difference in employee participation and involvement is that employee participation takes a pluralist approach while involvement is centred on individual concerns. In both cases, the management retains control and power of all the processes that may be involved in the decision making process. Whilst it is a noble idea to involve all the employees to participate in the decision m

Public Relation(Marketing) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Relation(Marketing) - Essay Example The ever diminishing turn-out in elections for the European Parliament - it fell in all but three member-states during the recent Euro elections - is just one eloquent expression of popular disaffection and indifference towards the EU" (Clegg, 2003, p.5). The focus of the present essay is the perception of British citizens of 50 of European Union and related institutions. The nationwide EU research, conducted in summer 2006, comprised 1,347 persons of British citizenship, 45% of whom were people over 50 (Eurobarometer 65). As the report holds, the British are known for their typical answers 'I don't care' and 'I don't know', but citizens over 50 have specific position. For instance, when asked about their opinion concerning the EU membership, 50 per cent of respondents answered 'It is a good idea', 16 per cent found it unacceptable, whereas there were 34 per cent, who were just unaware of current political issues. As for seniors, the huge percentage of people over 50 (30 per cent) view EU membership as problem and don't support it, and only 23 per cent found the idea sound and reasonable. Still, there are 47% of indifferent (or poorly-informed) citizens, the majority of who are aged over 65 and who are currently not able of following all news broadcasts. Nevertheless, the survey suggests that the situation has improved comparing to 46-per-cent unawareness in summer 2005 (Eurobarometer 63). On the other hand, the related dynamics among seniors is slower - whereas in 2005, the percentage of indifferent or unaware citizens aged over 50 was 49%, the recent research shows only 2-per cent decrease. This fact is clear and explainable: the survey was participated by various age groups and social classes - from students to businesspeople, and the natural increase of education level is exactly what the investigation has measured. On the other hand, citizens over 50 are less motivated in terms of political inquiries, so they are likely to remain either uninformed or uninterested. The exact percentage of uninformed citizens is 12 per cent: "What is also encouraging to note is that only 125 of the UK poll say that they know nothing at all about the European Union compared with 18 per cent a year ago. There is a welcome decline in the negative aspect of the UK data. A year ago, 28% of UK citizens said they never looked for information on the EU. It has now reduced slightly, but significantly, to 23%" (Eurobarometer 65, p.3). On the other hand, White et al highlights that this positive step forward is being done by the population under 45, whereas the development of consciousness in citizens over 50 has been in state of stagnation for five years. For instance, only 8 per cent of British seniors made attempts to find more extensive information about the EU (White, 2006), and their number has enjoyed only 1,5 per cent increase over the last year. Earlier research (Lafferty, 2004) introduces certain target audience for cognitive influence, and categorized the UK population by age and gender. Female students from 23 to 28 turned out the most perceptive and sensitive in terms of recent information campaigns, run by the EU. People over 50 are considered neither influential (i.e. they are not able and not motivated to persuade their surroundings) not sensitive to new information. Lafferty indicates that the typical profile of a UK citizen over 50 is following: a person interested in domestic news and concerned about governmental

Comparing and contrasting Silver Blaze and Finger Man Essay Example for Free

Comparing and contrasting Silver Blaze and Finger Man Essay When one thinks of detective fiction stories images of crime, murder, hero detective and villains enter a persons mind. These images have been constantly changing over years, but they are not very different from when detective stories first began in 1828. The birth of detective stories came about in 1828 with a novel called Memoires supposedly written by Vidocq a chief of Frances detective force known as Surete. In 1841 a number of short stories were composed and collected to form The Murders in the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allen Poe but it was in 1892 when detective stories finally emerged and become known by the people. It was in 1892 when The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was published in the Strand magazine that detective fiction had become a great success. The years of Sherlock Holmes stories are considered as the Golden Age of detective fiction, after this authors began to take different approaches towards detective fiction writing, the writing was most notoriously named Hard Boiled detective fiction. Both types of approaches varied in different ways with each other, the Golden Age era consisted of stories with closed settings and focused its characters in the middle and upper classes. In the Hard Boiled era the plot would be mentally just as challenging as a story from the Golden Age era, but would unfold and lead to violent twists and turns. In Hard-boiled stories the detective solves the mystery by creating more trouble and being tough but does not return society to order or vindicate the power of reason. It was this new Hard Boiled setting that Raymond Chandler set his stories, and created his hard boiled detective Philip Marlow. Philip Marlow was first introduced in 1921 through a magazine called The Black Mask, which contained his short stories.  Both Silver Blaze and Finger Man are fictional Detective stories, but differ in many different ways from language and dialogue to cultural changes shown between both stories. This is because the stories were written at two different times, Silver Blaze is a pre 20th century piece of text where as Finger Man was created within the 20th century. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle a British author created Silver Blaze which featured one of the most renowned detective characters, Sherlock Holmes. His fictional character became so famous and loved by the public they actually embraced his identity and grew to believe that Sherlock Holmes was a real person and lived at 221b Baker Street. Finger Man was created by an American author called Raymond Chandler and starred a private detective by the name of Philip Marlowe. This fictional character appealed to a wide audience and was in most of Raymond Chandlers stories, eventually Hollywood used these stories and the character Philip Marlowe to create motion pictures.  In Silver Blaze Sherlock Holmes and his partner Dr Watson travel to Devon to uncover the kidnapping of a prize-winning horse. In this detective novel any clue will help towards the case and anybody having some relevance with the horse will be a suspect. In Silver Blaze the plot mainly revolves around a few individuals such as. Whereas in finger man the story includes many characters who each play some small yet important part within the story. In Finger Man we see a tale of false framing on the main character Philip Marlowe who is set up by gangsters. It starts happening when he takes a job for a friend, but his friend dies and Marlowe becomes the prime suspect. When I read both stories there were many differences in character between Sherlock Holmes and Philip Marlowe. Sherlock Holmes is a more thoughtful and clue based detective where as Philip Marlowe relies on tip-offs and violence to resolve a situation. Sherlock Holmes is a methodical detective and relies in his wits to solve a case whereas PM uses his instincts. Within Silver Blaze Sherlock Holmes has a partner called Watson, the story itself is narrated by Watson and told through his view. PM is a one-man army and doesnt depend on anybody for assistance unless in dire circumstances.  The change in text and dialogue is clearly shown once reading both stories. Pre 20th century text is very descriptive which is used as a feature of Holmes personality. In Finger Man the dialogue is very abrupt and direct, which also constructs an image of the stories setting and the characters persona.

Analysis of Freedom in Exile by the Dalai Lama

Analysis of Freedom in Exile by the Dalai Lama Assignment 03 Part 1 The Dalai Lama Read the following extracts from the Dalai Lamas autobiography Freedom in Exile. How does the way the Dalai Lama presents himself here relate to his reputation as discussed in AA 100 Book 1, Chapter 7? Dalai Lama describes himself as a simple monk from Tibet. I am no one special (Reading 7.2 in Waterhouse, 2008, p.224). No one had any idea that I might be anything other than an ordinary baby and certainly my family had no idea that I would be proclaimed Dalai Lama. We will be looking at the connection between the present-day Dalai Lama and his predecessors, as well as the reason why Tibetans regard him as a living Buddha. The most important Lama for the Tibetan is the Dalai Lama who has the highest religious status of its kind, and as politics and religion is combined in the Tibetan society, the Dalai Lama is also head of state. According to Tibetan tradition, it is believed the Dalai Lamas has the ability to choose their next incarnation, and even leave symbols and directions for the Panchen Lama, who is responsible for leading the search party to find the successor. Around the time when the present Dalai Lama was around three years old, the Government sent out a search party to look for the next incarnation of the previous Thirteenth Dalai Lama. One of the signs after the Thirteenth Dalai Lama had died, was that the head of his embalmed body had turned from facing south to north-east. Another sign was when Tibets Regent, a senior lama, went to Lhamoi Lhatso, a small oracle lake to seek visions to assist in the search and where he received clear visions of Tibetan letters and images. The method for identifying a reincarnated Lama is not specific. Different combination of divination is being used like interpreting dreams and omens, and consulting the Council of oracles. In the DVD-Video, (Searching for a Reincarnated Lama), we can see the Nechung Oracles medium be in a trance. This Buddhist ritual might in the western world be seen as both frightening and superstitious. However, this process is normal within Buddhist tradition and the way they con sult the Chief Oracle on important matters and finding the Dalai Lamas. The Tibetans believe Dalai Lama is a living Buddha as well as the religious figure of Bodhisattwas of compassion, whose qualities are wisdom, generosity and compassion. Free from anger, hatred and greed. Being a monk and teacher together with the combination of having the political role as the head of the Tibetan state, he has got the reputation as a god-king. (Waterhouse, 2008, p. 211) Dalai Lama won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989 and has become a symbol for freedom. His gentle and charismatic way which have won him a large number of followers in the West. Among the Tibetans however, Dalai Lamas words still remains law, and he can be both severe and strict about behaviour and beliefs. The reputation of Dalai Lama in China is somehow very different. The Dalai Lama fled into exile in 1959 during a failed uprising against Chinese rule. He was granted asylum in Dharamsala in northern India which has become home to the Tibetan Government-in-exile. The Chinese embassy (in Reading 7.5), points out that the local government of Tibet headed by the Dalai representing feudal serfdom under theocracy and has long since been replaced by the democratic administration by the Tibetan people themselves and the destiny and future can no longer be decided by the Dalai Lama and his clique. (Reading 7.5 in Waterhouse, 2008, p. 228). Tibet is still under Chinese rule and the majority of people in Lhasa are Chinese, ruled by a Chinese selected Panchen Lama which of whom the Dalai Lama does not recognize as it is by tradition the Dalai Lama who is responsible for the search of the new Panchen Lama and vice versa. This fact has great implications when it comes to searching for the successor of a particular person, and if I die before Tibetans regain their freedom, they might not have use for a Dalai Lama anymore, the Dalai Lama points out. (words 658) Bibliography Dalai Lama-Searching for a reincarnated Lama, (2008) AA100 DVD Video Waterhouse, H. (2008) The Dalai Lama in Moohan, E. (ed.), Reputations (AA100 Book 1), Milton Keynes, The Open University, pp. 197-229. Part 2 the Faber Book of Beasts Compare the following poems: The Mouses Nest by John Clare and To a Mouse, On Turning her up in her Nest, With the plough, November, 1785 by Robert Burns, from The Faber Book of Beasts. In no more than 600 words compare and contrast how these poems depict mice. In John Clares poem we are having the speaker describing in detail an incident on a farm, probably a childhood memory. The speaker finds a ball of grass among the hay and wishfully hopes to find a bird, but instead of a bird, a mouse comes out with all her babies hanging at her teats. Shocked and disgusted by the look of something so odd and so grotesque (line 7) he runs away. In Burnss poem on the other hand the speaker is clearly a man, a farmer, who accidently destroys a mouses nest when ploughing the field. Feeling guilty, he assures the mouse that he will not try to kill it. The whole poem is written as a speech, as the farmer is speaking to the mouse, whilst John Clares, is more of a written observation from a memory. John Clare has written his poem in a non-conventional sonnet form. There are 14 lines within this single stanza poem and grouped into 7 rhyming couplets. The lines in this single stanza are of similar length, and with an end rhyme scheme of AABBCCDDEEFFGG, which gives the effect of strong sense of order and regularity. The rhythm is influenced hugely by the use of iambic pentameter with the combination of stressed and unstressed syllables. Although there is no formal punctuation it feels easy to read, as the phrases finish at the end of the line. Robert Burnss is a vernacular poem, and in contrast to Clares single stanza, contains 8 stanzas. Each stanza has 6 lines, of which line 4 and 6 are deliberately shorter. The rhyme scheme is AAABAB, and mainly iambic pentameter. The rhythm remains the same throughout the poem. Burns has used a combination of exclamation marks, commas, periods, colons and semicolon. The language in Clares poem is largely simple and colloquial with the use of some dialect words like proged, agen and oer. The imagery is simple and familiar, described merely as an observation. After the mouse has returned to her nest, everything goes back to normal, describing the surroundings and finishing off with; And broad old cesspools glittered in the sun (line 14). In contrast to Clare, Burns has used lots of different literary devices when writing his poem. o, what a panics in thy breastie! (line 1-2), the sentence finishes with an apostrophe, a common device used in poetry when a poet addresses something that is not able to respond. The repeated B sound in bickering brattle (line 4) is an example of alliteration to describe the angry mouses chattering. Burn does not only personify the mouse, he also personifies the pattle as a murdring pattle (line 6), though we know, the speaker would be the one to murder the mouse, not the pattle. The speaker draws a connection between himself and the mouse through analogy when he says; At me, thy poor, earth-born companion, An fellow-mortal! (line 11-12) Meaning that they both were born on earth, and are both mortal, so they should get along. The farmer speaks to the mouse as if it were a human and compares his troubles to those of the mouses. But Mousie, thou art no thy-lane (line 37, stanza 8) Pointing out that; the mouse is not alone of wanting to plan for the future, but sometimes things do not go according to plan, whether you are a mouse or man. Still, thou art blest, compard wi me! (line 43, stanza 8) Saying the mouse is better off, because the mouse lives in the present moment, whilst himself, is looking back at the past with regret, and into the future with fear. In short, both poems are depicting farm life and mice, however, Burns decided to romanticise his encounter with the mouse, whilst Clare on the other hand, wanted to show that nature is what it is, and nothing more, subsequently he saw no reason to humanise his mouse like Burns has done with his mousie. (words 659)

Template for Departments Injury and Illness Prevention Program at the University of California, Berkeley :: essays research papers

Template for Departments' Injury and Illness Prevention Program at the University of California, Berkeley (Note: This template was downloaded from the web site of the Office of Environment, Health & Safety at the University of California, Berkeley, http://ehs.berkeley.edu/. The forms mentioned in this template can also be downloaded from the web site. Click on â€Å"Injury & Illness Prevention Program† under the â€Å"Services, Programs, & Compliance Assistance† heading on the EH&S home page.) Departments at the University of California, Berkeley can use the following template to create a written Injury and Illness Prevention Program (IIPP) that meets the requirements of state law. (Each department at UC Berkeley is required to have its own IIPP.) Putting the written program into action will help to ensure a healthful and safe workplace for department employees. To use the template, replace any italicized text with your department's specific information. Then send a copy to the Office of Environment, Health & Safety (EH&S) at 317 University Hall #1150 for review. (You may also send it as an e-mail attachment to ehs@uclink.berkeley.edu.) EH&S will review the draft against applicable legal requirements. The next step is to put the program into action. An IIPP's benefits will be realized only through effective implementation. University of California, Berkeley (Department Name) Injury and Illness Prevention Program (Date adopted) University of California, Berkeley (Department Name) Injury and Illness Prevention Program TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE II. RESPONSIBILITIES III. IDENTIFYING WORKPLACE HAZARDS IV. COMMUNICATING WORKPLACE HAZARDS V. CORRECTING WORKPLACE HAZARDS VI. INVESTIGATING INJURIES AND ILLNESSES VII. EMPLOYEE HEALTH AND SAFETY TRAINING VIII. ENSURING COMPLIANCE IX. RECORD KEEPING X. CAMPUS SAFETY RESOURCES APPENDICES University of California, Berkeley (Department Name) Injury and Illness Prevention Program I. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE It is the policy of the University of California, Berkeley to maintain a safe and healthful work environment for each employee (including student and contract employees), and to comply with all applicable occupational health and safety regulations. The (Department Name) Injury and Illness Prevention Program (IIPP) is intended to establish a framework for identifying and correcting workplace hazards within the department, while addressing legal requirements for a formal, written IIPP. II. RESPONSIBILITIES ( Department Head's title, and name) (Name of department head) has primary authority and responsibility to ensure departmental implementation of the IIPP and to ensure the health and safety of the department's faculty, staff and students. This is accomplished by communicating the Berkeley campus's emphasis on health and safety, analyzing work procedures for hazard identification and correction, ensuring regular workplace inspections, providing health and safety training, and encouraging prompt employee reporting of health and safety concerns without fear of reprisal.

Contrast of the Modern American and British House :: essays papers

Contrast of the Modern American and British House Modern American and British houses may appear similar from the outside, just as an American may appear similar to an Englishman. One cannot judge a house by its faà §ade, however, and beneath the surface, two altogether different design paradigms exist. The American house is a sprawling retreat that is designed for comfortable living. Compact and efficient, the British house embodies a conservative lifestyle. The two also differ in the amenities they offer. The modern American house overflows with built-in features; the modern British house is sparse in comparison. They are even constructed with dissimilar materials and techniques. Although modern American and British houses can appear similar, they differ significantly in the amenities they offer, their size, and in the way they are constructed. The modern British house typically has fewer amenities than that of its American counterpart. In the bedroom, walk-in closets organize the American's ensemble and accommodate his shoe collection. Conversely, the Englishman uses a pine wardrobe, possibly a family heirloom, which moves with him from home to home. In the American bathroom, a shower is a standard feature that is quite uncommon in the British home. When one is installed, the British shower is a point of significant difference as well. The pressurized American shower is powerful, and leaves one with a feeling of invigoration. The gravity fed British shower, however, is hardly capable of developing enough power to leave one with a feeling of satisfaction. In the modern American kitchen, one is certain to find a dishwasher. In the British kitchen, a dishwasher is the exception, not the rule. Americans also consider most kitchen appliances to be a part of the house. The Englishman holds a different view. It is not unusual for him to take the stove, refrigerator, or even the kitchen cupboards when moving to a new home. The modern British house lacks many amenities that Americans consider basic. It also offers less living space than the modern American house. The grand American house is designed for comfort, whereas the conservative British house is designed for efficiency. These contrasting design approaches yield houses that differ immensely in the amount of living space they offer. American houses have "mud" rooms, laundry rooms, dining rooms, formal living rooms, and family rooms. British houses converge and integrate these functional areas into their common rooms. The hall, or the "reception," is the "mud room." The kitchen is the laundry room and the dining area. Contrast of the Modern American and British House :: essays papers Contrast of the Modern American and British House Modern American and British houses may appear similar from the outside, just as an American may appear similar to an Englishman. One cannot judge a house by its faà §ade, however, and beneath the surface, two altogether different design paradigms exist. The American house is a sprawling retreat that is designed for comfortable living. Compact and efficient, the British house embodies a conservative lifestyle. The two also differ in the amenities they offer. The modern American house overflows with built-in features; the modern British house is sparse in comparison. They are even constructed with dissimilar materials and techniques. Although modern American and British houses can appear similar, they differ significantly in the amenities they offer, their size, and in the way they are constructed. The modern British house typically has fewer amenities than that of its American counterpart. In the bedroom, walk-in closets organize the American's ensemble and accommodate his shoe collection. Conversely, the Englishman uses a pine wardrobe, possibly a family heirloom, which moves with him from home to home. In the American bathroom, a shower is a standard feature that is quite uncommon in the British home. When one is installed, the British shower is a point of significant difference as well. The pressurized American shower is powerful, and leaves one with a feeling of invigoration. The gravity fed British shower, however, is hardly capable of developing enough power to leave one with a feeling of satisfaction. In the modern American kitchen, one is certain to find a dishwasher. In the British kitchen, a dishwasher is the exception, not the rule. Americans also consider most kitchen appliances to be a part of the house. The Englishman holds a different view. It is not unusual for him to take the stove, refrigerator, or even the kitchen cupboards when moving to a new home. The modern British house lacks many amenities that Americans consider basic. It also offers less living space than the modern American house. The grand American house is designed for comfort, whereas the conservative British house is designed for efficiency. These contrasting design approaches yield houses that differ immensely in the amount of living space they offer. American houses have "mud" rooms, laundry rooms, dining rooms, formal living rooms, and family rooms. British houses converge and integrate these functional areas into their common rooms. The hall, or the "reception," is the "mud room." The kitchen is the laundry room and the dining area.

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 81-83

CHAPTER 81 The Hawker is on final approach. Simon Edwards – Executive Services Officer at Biggin Hill Airport – paced the control tower, squinting nervously at the rain-drenched runway. He never appreciated being awoken early on a Saturday morning, but it was particularly distasteful that he had been called in to oversee the arrest of one of his most lucrative clients. Sir Leigh Teabing paid Biggin Hill not only for a private hangar but a† per landing fee† for his frequent arrivals and departures. Usually, the airfield had advance warning of his schedule and was able to follow a strict protocol for his arrival. Teabing liked things just so. The custom-built Jaguar stretch limousine that he kept in his hangar was to be fully gassed, polished, and the day's London Times laid out on the back seat. A customs official was to be waiting for the plane at the hangar to expedite the mandatory documentation and luggage check. Occasionally, customs agents accepted large tips from Teabing in exchange for turning a blind eye to the transport of harmless organics – mostly luxury foods – French escargots, a particularly ripe unprocessed Roquefort, certain fruits. Many customs laws were absurd, anyway, and if Biggin Hill didn't accommodate its clients, certainly competing airfields would. Teabing was provided with what he wanted here at Biggin Hill, and the employees reaped the benefits. Edwards's nerves felt frayed now as he watched the jet coming in. He wondered if Teabing's penchant for spreading the wealth had gotten him in trouble somehow; the French authorities seemed very intent on containing him. Edwards had not yet been told what the charges were, but they were obviously serious. At the French authorities' request, Kent police had ordered the Biggin Hill air traffic controller to radio the Hawker's pilot and order him directly to the terminal rather than to the client's hangar. The pilot had agreed, apparently believing the far-fetched story of a gas leak. Though the British police did not generally carry weapons, the gravity of the situation had brought out an armed response team. Now, eight policemen with handguns stood just inside the terminal building, awaiting the moment when the plane's engines powered down. The instant this happened, a runway attendant would place safety wedges under the tires so the plane could no longer move. Then the police would step into view and hold the occupants at bay until the French police arrived to handle the situation. The Hawker was low in the sky now, skimming the treetops to their right. Simon Edwards went downstairs to watch the landing from tarmac level. The Kent police were poised, just out of sight, and the maintenance man waited with his wedges. Out on the runway, the Hawker's nose tipped up, and the tires touched down in a puff of smoke. The plane settled in for deceleration, streaking from right to left in front of the terminal, its white hull glistening in the wet weather. But rather than braking and turning into the terminal, the jet coasted calmly past the access lane and continued on toward Teabing's hangar in the distance. All the police spun and stared at Edwards. â€Å"I thought you said the pilot agreed to come to the terminal!† Edwards was bewildered. â€Å"He did!† Seconds later, Edwards found himself wedged in a police car racing across the tarmac toward the distant hangar. The convoy of police was still a good five hundred yards away as Teabing's Hawker taxied calmly into the private hangar and disappeared. When the cars finally arrived and skidded to a stop outside the gaping hangar door, the police poured out, guns drawn. Edwards jumped out too. The noise was deafening. The Hawker's engines were still roaring as the jet finished its usual rotation inside the hangar, positioning itself nose-out in preparation for later departure. As the plane completed its 180-degreeturn and rolled toward the front of the hangar, Edwards could see the pilot's face, which understandably looked surprised and fearful to see the barricade of police cars. The pilot brought the plane to a final stop, and powered down the engines. The police streamed in, taking up positions around the jet. Edwards joined the Kent chief inspector, who moved warily toward the hatch. After several seconds, the fuselage door popped open. Leigh Teabing appeared in the doorway as the plane's electronic stairs smoothly dropped down. Ashe gazed out at the sea of weapons aimed at him, he propped himself on his crutches and scratched his head. â€Å"Simon, did I win the policemen's lottery while I was away?† He sounded more bewildered than concerned. Simon Edwards stepped forward, swallowing the frog in his throat. â€Å"Good morning, sir. I apologize for the confusion. We've had a gas leak and your pilot said he was coming to the terminal.† â€Å"Yes, yes, well, I told him to come here instead. I'm late for an appointment. I pay for this hangar, and this rubbish about avoiding a gas leak sounded overcautious.† â€Å"I'm afraid your arrival has taken us a bit off guard, sir.† â€Å"I know. I'm off my schedule, I am. Between you and me, the new medication gives me the tinkles. Thought I'd come over for a tune-up.† The policemen all exchanged looks. Edwards winced. â€Å"Very good, sir.† â€Å"Sir,† the Kent chief inspector said, stepping forward. â€Å"I need to ask you to stay onboard for another half hour or so.† Teabing looked unamused as he hobbled down the stairs. â€Å"I'm afraid that is impossible. I have a medical appointment.† He reached the tarmac. â€Å"I cannot afford to miss it.† The chief inspector repositioned himself to block Teabing's progress away from the plane. â€Å"I am here at the orders of the French Judicial Police. They claim you are transporting fugitives from the law on this plane.† Teabing stared at the chief inspector a long moment, and then burst out laughing. â€Å"Is this one of those hidden camera programs? Jolly good!† The chief inspector never flinched. â€Å"This is serious, sir. The French police claim you also may have a hostage onboard.† Teabing's manservant Remy appeared in the doorway at the top of the stairs. â€Å"I feel like a hostage working for Sir Leigh, but he assures me I am free to go.† Remy checked his watch. â€Å"Master, we really are running late.† He nodded toward the Jaguar stretch limousine in the far corner of the hangar. The enormous automobile was ebony with smoked glass and whitewall tires. â€Å"I'll bring the car.† Remy started down the stairs. â€Å"I'm afraid we cannot let you leave,† the chief inspector said. â€Å"Please return to your aircraft. Both of you. Representatives from the French police will be landing shortly.† Teabing looked now toward Simon Edwards. â€Å"Simon, for heaven's sake, this is ridiculous! We don't have anyone else on board. Just the usual – Remy, our pilot, and myself. Perhaps you could act as an intermediary? Go have a look onboard, and verify that the plane is empty.† Edwards knew he was trapped. â€Å"Yes, sir. I can have a look.† â€Å"The devil you will!† the Kent chief inspector declared, apparently knowing enough about executive airfields to suspect Simon Edwards might well lie about the plane's occupants in an effort to keep Teabing's business at Biggin Hill. â€Å"I will look myself.† Teabing shook his head. â€Å"No you won't, Inspector. This is private property and until you have a search warrant, you will stay off my plane. I am offering you a reasonable option here. Mr. Edwards can perform the inspection.† â€Å"No deal.† Teabing's demeanor turned frosty. â€Å"Inspector, I'm afraid I don't have time to indulge in your games. I'm late, and I'm leaving. If it is that important to you to stop me, you'll just have to shoot me.† With that, Teabing and Remy walked around the chief inspector and headed across the hangar toward the parked limousine. The Kent chief inspector felt only distaste for Leigh Teabing as the man hobbled around him in defiance. Men of privilege always felt like they were above the law. They are not.The chief inspector turned and aimed at Teabing's back. â€Å"Stop! I will fire!† â€Å"Go ahead,† Teabing said without breaking stride or glancing back. â€Å"My lawyers will fricassee your testicles for breakfast. And if you dare board my plane without a warrant, your spleen will follow.† No stranger to power plays, the chief inspector was unimpressed. Technically, Teabing was correct and the police needed a warrant to board his jet, but because the flight had originated in France, and because the powerful Bezu Fache had given his authority, the Kent chief inspector felt certain his career would be far better served by finding out what it was on this plane that Teabing seemed so intent on hiding. â€Å"Stop them,† the inspector ordered. â€Å"I'm searching the plane.† His men raced over, guns leveled, and physically blocked Teabing and his servant from reaching the limousine. Now Teabing turned. â€Å"Inspector, this is your last warning. Do not even think of boarding that plane. You will regret it.† Ignoring the threat, the chief inspector gripped his sidearm and marched up the plane's gangway. Arriving at the hatch, he peered inside. After a moment, he stepped into the cabin. What the devil? With the exception of the frightened-looking pilot in the cockpit, the aircraft was empty. Entirely devoid of human life. Quickly checking the bathroom, the chairs, and the luggage areas, the inspector found no traces of anyone hiding†¦ much less multiple individuals. What the hell was Bezu Fache thinking? It seemed Leigh Teabing had been telling the truth. The Kent chief inspector stood alone in the deserted cabin and swallowed hard. Shit.His faceflushed, he stepped back onto the gangway, gazing across the hangar at Leigh Teabing and hisservant, who were now under gunpoint near the limousine. â€Å"Let them go,† the inspector ordered. â€Å"We received a bad tip.† Teabing's eyes were menacing even across the hangar. â€Å"You can expect a call from my lawyers. And for future reference, the French police cannot be trusted.† With that, Teabing's manservant opened the door at the rear of the stretch limousine and helped his crippled master into the back seat. Then the servant walked the length of the car, climbed in behind the wheel, and gunned the engine. Policemen scattered as the Jaguar peeled out of the hangar. â€Å"Well played, my good man,† Teabing chimed from the rear seat as the limousine accelerated out of the airport. He turned his eyes now to the dimly lit front recesses of the spacious interior. â€Å"Everyone comfy?† Langdon gave a weak nod. He and Sophie were still crouched on the floor beside the bound and gagged albino. Moments earlier, as the Hawker taxied into the deserted hangar, Remy had popped the hatch as the plane jolted to a stop halfway through its turn. With the police closing in fast, Langdon and Sophie dragged the monk down the gangway to ground level and out of sight behind the limousine. Then the jet engines had roared again, rotating the plane and completing its turn as the police cars came skidding into the hangar. Now, as the limousine raced toward Kent, Langdon and Sophie clambered toward the rear of the limo's long interior, leaving the monk bound on the floor. They settled onto the long seat facing Teabing. The Brit gave them both a roguish smile and opened the cabinet on the limo's bar. â€Å"Could I offer you a drink? Some nibblies? Crisps? Nuts? Seltzer?† Sophie and Langdon both shook their heads. Teabing grinned and closed the bar. â€Å"So then, about this knight's tomb†¦Ã¢â‚¬  CHAPTER 82 â€Å"Fleet Street?† Langdon asked, eyeing Teabing in the back of the limo. There's a crypt on Fleet Street? So far, Leigh was being playfully cagey about where he thought they would find the â€Å"knight's tomb†, which, according to the poem, would provide the password for opening the smaller cryptex. Teabing grinned and turned to Sophie. â€Å"Miss Neveu, give the Harvard boy one more shot at the verse, will you?† Sophie fished in her pocket and pulled out the black cryptex, which was wrapped in the vellum. Everyone had decided to leave the rosewood box and larger cryptex behind in the plane's strongbox, carrying with them only what they needed, the far more portable and discreet black cryptex. Sophie unwrapped the vellum and handed the sheet to Langdon. Although Langdon had read the poem several times onboard the jet, he had been unable to extract any specific location. Now, as he read the words again, he processed them slowly and carefully, hoping the pentametric rhythms would reveal a clearer meaning now that he was on the ground. In London lies a knight a Pope interred. His labor's fruit a Holy wrath incurred. You seek the orb that ought be on his tomb. It speaks of Rosy flesh and seeded womb. The language seemed simple enough. There was a knight buried in London. A knight who labored at something that angered the Church. A knight whose tomb was missing an orb that should be present. The poem's final reference – Rosy flesh and seeded womb – was a clear allusion to Mary Magdalene, the Rose who bore the seed of Jesus. Despite the apparent straightforwardness of the verse, Langdon still had no idea who this knight was or where he was buried. Moreover, once they located the tomb, it sounded as if they would be searching for something that was absent. The orb that ought be on his tomb? â€Å"No thoughts?† Teabing clucked in disappointment, although Langdon sensed the Royal Historian was enjoying being one up. â€Å"Miss Neveu?† She shook her head. â€Å"What would you two do without me?† Teabing said. â€Å"Very well, I will walk you through it. It's quite simple really. The first line is the key. Would you read it please?† Langdon read aloud. † ‘In London lies a knight a Pope interred. ‘† â€Å"Precisely. A knight a Pope interred.† He eyed Langdon. â€Å"What does that mean to you?† Langdon shrugged. â€Å"A knight buried by a Pope? A knight whose funeral was presided over by a Pope?† Teabing laughed loudly. â€Å"Oh, that's rich. Always the optimist, Robert. Look at the second line. This knight obviously did something that incurred the Holy wrath of the Church. Think again. Consider the dynamic between the Church and the Knights Templar. A knight a Pope interred?† â€Å"A knight a Pope killed?† Sophie asked. Teabing smiled and patted her knee. â€Å"Well done, my dear. A knight a Pope buried.Or killed.† Langdon thought of the notorious Templar round-up in 1307 – unlucky Friday the thirteenth – when Pope Clement killed and interred hundreds of Knights Templar. â€Å"But there must be endless graves of ‘knights killed by Popes. ‘† â€Å"Aha, not so!† Teabing said. â€Å"Many of them were burned at the stake and tossed unceremoniously into the Tiber River. But this poem refers to a tomb.A tomb in London. And there are few knights buried in London.† He paused, eyeing Langdon as if waiting for light to dawn. Finally he huffed. â€Å"Robert, for heaven's sake! The church built in London by the Priory's military arm – the Knights Templar themselves!† â€Å"The Temple Church?† Langdon drew a startled breath. â€Å"It has a crypt?† â€Å"Ten of the most frightening tombs you will ever see.† Langdon had never actually visited the Temple Church, although he'd come across numerous references in his Priory research. Once the epicenter of all Templar/Priory activities in the United Kingdom, the Temple Church had been so named in honor of Solomon's Temple, from which the Knights Templar had extracted their own title, as well as the Sangreal documents that gave them all their influence in Rome. Tales abounded of knights performing strange, secretive rituals within the Temple Church's unusual sanctuary. â€Å"The Temple Church is on Fleet Street?† â€Å"Actually, it's just off Fleet Street on Inner Temple Lane.† Teabing looked mischievous. â€Å"I wanted to see you sweat a little more before I gave it away.† â€Å"Thanks.† â€Å"Neither of you has ever been there?† Sophie and Langdon shook their heads.† I'm not surprised,† Teabing said. â€Å"The church is hidden now behind much larger buildings. Few people even know it's there. Eerie old place. The architecture is pagan to the core.† Sophie looked surprised. â€Å"Pagan?† â€Å"Pantheonically pagan!† Teabing exclaimed. â€Å"The church is round.The Templars ignored the traditional Christian cruciform layout and built a perfectly circular church in honor of the sun.† His eyebrows did a devilish dance. â€Å"A not so subtle howdy-do to the boys in Rome. They might as well have resurrected Stonehenge in downtown London.† Sophie eyed Teabing. â€Å"What about the rest of the poem?† The historian's mirthful air faded. â€Å"I'm not sure. It's puzzling. We will need to examine each of the ten tombs carefully. With luck, one of them will have a conspicuously absent orb.† Langdon realized how close they really were. If the missing orb revealed the password, they would be able to open the second cryptex. He had a hard time imagining what they might find inside. Langdon eyed the poem again. It was like some kind of primordial crossword puzzle. A five-letter word that speaks of the Grail? On the plane, they had already tried all the obvious passwords – GRAIL, GRAAL, GREAL, VENUS, MARIA, JESUS, SARAH – but the cylinder had not budged. Far too obvious.Apparently there existed some other five-letter reference to the Rose's seeded womb. The fact that the word was eluding a specialist like Leigh Teabing signified to Langdon that it was no ordinary Grail reference. â€Å"Sir Leigh?† Remy called over his shoulder. He was watching them in the rearview mirror through the open divider. â€Å"You said Fleet Street is near Blackfriars Bridge?† â€Å"Yes, take Victoria Embankment.† â€Å"I'm sorry. I'm not sure where that is. We usually go only to the hospital.† Teabing rolled his eyes at Langdon and Sophie and grumbled,† I swear, sometimes it's like baby- sitting a child. One moment please. Help yourself to a drink and savory snacks.† He left them, clambering awkwardly toward the open divider to talk to Remy. Sophie turned to Langdon now, her voice quiet. â€Å"Robert, nobody knows you and I are in England.† Langdon realized she was right. The Kent police would tell Fache the plane was empty, and Fachewould have to assume they were still in France. We are invisible.Leigh's little stunt had just boughtthem a lot of time. â€Å"Fache will not give up easily,† Sophie said. â€Å"He has too much riding on this arrest now.† Langdon had been trying not to think about Fache. Sophie had promised she would do everything in her power to exonerate Langdon once this was over, but Langdon was starting to fear it might not matter. Fache could easily be pan of this plot.Although Langdon could not imagine the Judicial Police tangled up in the Holy Grail, he sensed too much coincidence tonight to disregard Fache as a possible accomplice. Fache is religions, and he is intent on pinning these murders onme.Then again, Sophie had argued that Fache might simply be overzealous to make the arrest. After all, the evidence against Langdon was substantial. In addition to Langdon's name scrawled on the Louvre floor and in Sauniere's date book, Langdon now appeared to have lied about his manuscript and then run away. At Sophie's suggestion. â€Å"Robert, I'm sorry you're so deeply involved,† Sophie said, placing her hand on his knee. â€Å"But I'm very glad you're here.† The comment sounded more pragmatic than romantic, and yet Langdon felt an unexpected flicker of attraction between them. He gave her a tired smile. â€Å"I'm a lot more fun when I've slept.† Sophie was silent for several seconds. â€Å"My grandfather asked me to trust you. I'm glad I listened to him for once.† â€Å"Your grandfather didn't even know me.† â€Å"Even so, I can't help but think you've done everything he would have wanted. You helped me find the keystone, explained the Sangreal, told me about the ritual in the basement.† She paused. â€Å"Somehow I feel closer to my grandfather tonight than I have in years. I know he would be happy about that.† In the distance, now, the skyline of London began to materialize through the dawn drizzle. Once dominated by Big Ben and Tower Bridge, the horizon now bowed to the Millennium Eye – a colossal, ultramodern Ferris wheel that climbed five hundred feet and afforded breathtaking views of the city. Langdon had attempted to board it once, but the† viewing capsules† reminded him of sealed sarcophagi, and he opted to keep his feet on the ground and enjoy the view from the airy banks of the Thames. Langdon felt a squeeze on his knee, pulling him back, and Sophie's green eyes were on him. He realized she had been speaking to him. â€Å"What do you think we should do with the Sangreal documents if we ever find them?† she whispered. â€Å"What I think is immaterial,† Langdon said. â€Å"Your grandfather gave the cryptex to you, and you should do with it what your instinct tells you he would want done.† â€Å"I'm asking for your opinion. You obviously wrote something in that manuscript that made my grandfather trust your judgment. He scheduled a private meeting with you. That's rare.† â€Å"Maybe he wanted to tell me I have it all wrong.† â€Å"Why would he tell me to find you unless he liked your ideas? In your manuscript, did you support the idea that the Sangreal documents should be revealed or stay buried?† â€Å"Neither. I made no judgment either way. The manuscript deals with the symbology of the sacred feminine – tracing her iconography throughout history. I certainly didn't presume to know where the Grail is hidden or whether it should ever be revealed.† â€Å"And yet you're writing a book about it, so you obviously feel the information should be shared.† â€Å"There's an enormous difference between hypothetically discussing an alternate history of Christ, and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He paused. â€Å"And what?† â€Å"And presenting to the world thousands of ancient documents as scientific evidence that the New Testament is false testimony.† â€Å"But you told me the New Testament is based on fabrications.† Langdon smiled. â€Å"Sophie, every faith in the world is based on fabrication. That is the definition of faith – acceptance of that which we imagine to be true, that which we cannot prove. Every religion describes God through metaphor, allegory, and exaggeration, from the early Egyptians through modern Sunday school. Metaphors are a way to help our minds process the unprocessible. The problems arise when we begin to believe literally in our own metaphors.† â€Å"So you are in favor of the Sangreal documents staying buried forever?† â€Å"I'm a historian. I'm opposed to the destruction of documents, and I would love to see religious scholars have more information to ponder the exceptional life of Jesus Christ.† â€Å"You're arguing both sides of my question.† â€Å"Am I? The Bible represents a fundamental guidepost for millions of people on the planet, in much the same way the Koran, Torah, and Pali Canon offer guidance to people of other religions. If you and I could dig up documentation that contradicted the holy stories of Islamic belief, Judaic belief, Buddhist belief, pagan belief, should we do that? Should we wave a flag and tell the Buddhists that we have proof the Buddha did not come from a lotus blossom? Or that Jesus was not born of a literal virgin birth? Those who truly understand their faiths understand the stories are metaphorical.† Sophie looked skeptical. â€Å"My friends who are devout Christians definitely believe that Christ literallywalked on water, literally turned water into wine, and was born of a literal virgin birth.† â€Å"My point exactly,† Langdon said. â€Å"Religious allegory has become a part of the fabric of reality. And living in that reality helps millions of people cope and be better people.† â€Å"But it appears their reality is false.† Langdon chuckled. â€Å"No more false than that of a mathematical cryptographer who believes in the imaginary number ‘i'because it helps her break codes.† Sophie frowned. â€Å"That's not fair.† A moment passed.† What was your question again?† Langdon asked. â€Å"I can't remember.† He smiled. â€Å"Works every time.† CHAPTER 83 Langdon's Mickey Mouse wristwatch read almost seven-thirty when he emerged from the Jaguar limousine onto Inner Temple Lane with Sophie and Teabing. The threesome wound through a maze of buildings to a small courtyard outside the Temple Church. The rough-hewn stone shimmered in the rain, and doves cooed in the architecture overhead. London's ancient Temple Church was constructed entirely of Caen stone. A dramatic, circular edifice with a daunting facade, a central turret, and a protruding nave off one side, the church looked more like a military stronghold than a place of worship. Consecrated on the tenth of February in 1185 by Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, the Temple Church survived eight centuries of political turmoil, the Great Fire of London, and the First World War, only to be heavily damaged by Luftwaffe incendiary bombs in 1940. After the war, it was restored to its original, stark grandeur. The simplicity of the circle, Langdon thought, admiring the building for the first time. The architecture was coarse and simple, more reminiscent of Rome's rugged Castel Sant'Angelo than the refined Pantheon. The boxy annex jutting out to the right was an unfortunate eyesore, although it did little to shroud the original pagan shape of the primary structure. â€Å"It's early on a Saturday,† Teabing said, hobbling toward the entrance,† so I'm assuming we won't have services to deal with.† The church's entryway was a recessed stone niche inside which stood a large wooden door. To the left of the door, looking entirely out of place, hung a bulletin board covered with concert schedules and religious service announcements. Teabing frowned as he read the board. â€Å"They don't open to sightseers for another couple of hours.† He moved to the door and tried it. The door didn't budge. Putting his ear to the wood, he listened. After a moment, he pulled back, a scheming look on his face as he pointed to the bulletin board. â€Å"Robert, check the service schedule, will you? Who is presiding this week?† Inside the church, an altar boy was almost finished vacuuming the communion kneelers when he heard a knocking on the sanctuary door. He ignored it. Father Harvey Knowles had his own keys and was not due for another couple of hours. The knocking was probably a curious tourist or indigent. The altar boy kept vacuuming, but the knocking continued. Can't you read? The sign on the door clearly stated that the church did not open until nine-thirty on Saturday. The altar boy remained with his chores. Suddenly, the knocking turned to a forceful banging, as if someone were hitting the door with a metal rod. The young man switched off his vacuum cleaner and marched angrily toward the door. Unlatching it from within, he swung it open. Three people stood in the entryway. Tourists, he grumbled. â€Å"We open at nine-thirty.† The heavyset man, apparently the leader, stepped forward using metal crutches. â€Å"I am Sir Leigh Teabing,† he said, his accent a highbrow, Saxonesque British. â€Å"As you are no doubt aware, I am escorting Mr. and Mrs. Christopher Wren the Fourth.† He stepped aside, flourishing his arm toward the attractive couple behind them. The woman was soft-featured, with lush burgundy hair. The man was tall, dark-haired, and looked vaguely familiar. The altar boy had no idea how to respond. Sir Christopher Wren was the Temple Church's most famous benefactor. He had made possible all the restorations following damage caused by the Great Fire. He had also been dead since the early eighteenth century. â€Å"Um†¦ an honor to meet you?† The man on crutches frowned. â€Å"Good thing you're not in sales, young man, you're not very convincing. Where is Father Knowles?† â€Å"It's Saturday. He's not due in until later.† The crippled man's scowl deepened. â€Å"There's gratitude. He assured us he would be here, but it looks like we'll do it without him. It won't take long.† The altar boy remained blocking the doorway. â€Å"I'm sorry, what won't take long?† The visitor's eyes sharpened now, and he leaned forward whispering as if to save everyone some embarrassment. â€Å"Young man, apparently you are new here. Every year Sir Christopher Wren's descendants bring a pinch of the old man's ashes to scatter in the Temple sanctuary. It is part of his last will and testament. Nobody is particularly happy about making the trip, but what can we do?† The altar boy had been here a couple of years but had never heard of this custom. â€Å"It would be better if you waited until nine-thirty. The church isn't open yet, and I'm not finished hoovering.† The man on crutches glared angrily. â€Å"Young man, the only reason there's anything left of this building for you to hoover is on account of the gentleman in that woman's pocket.† â€Å"I'm sorry?† â€Å"Mrs. Wren,† the man on crutches said,† would you be so kind as to show this impertinent young man the reliquary of ashes?† The woman hesitated a moment and then, as if awaking from a trance, reached in her sweater pocket and pulled out a small cylinder wrapped in protective fabric. â€Å"There, you see?† the man on crutches snapped. â€Å"Now, you can either grant his dying wish and let us sprinkle his ashes in the sanctuary, or I tell Father Knowles how we've been treated.† The altar boy hesitated, well acquainted with Father Knowles' deep observance of church tradition†¦ and, more importantly, with his foul temper when anything cast this time-honored shrine in anything but favorable light. Maybe Father Knowles had simply forgotten these family members were coming. If so, then there was far more risk in turning them away than in letting them in. After all, they said it would only take a minute.What harm could it do? When the altar boy stepped aside to let the three people pass, he could have sworn Mr. and Mrs. Wren looked just as bewildered by all of this as he was. Uncertain, the boy returned to his chores, watching them out of the corner of his eye. Langdon had to smile as the threesome moved deeper into the church. â€Å"Leigh,† he whispered,† you lie entirely too well.† Teabing's eyes twinkled. â€Å"Oxford Theatre Club. They still talk of my Julius Caesar. I'm certain nobody has ever performed the first scene of Act Three with more dedication.† Langdon glanced over. â€Å"I thought Caesar was dead in that scene.† Teabing smirked. â€Å"Yes, but my toga tore open when I fell, and I had to lie on stage for half an hour with my todger hanging out. Even so, I never moved a muscle. I was brilliant, I tell you.† Langdon cringed. Sorry I missed it. As the group moved through the rectangular annex toward the archway leading into the main church, Langdon was surprised by the barren austerity. Although the altar layout resembled that of a linear Christian chapel, the furnishings were stark and cold, bearing none of the traditional ornamentation. â€Å"Bleak,† he whispered. Teabing chuckled. â€Å"Church of England. Anglicans drink their religion straight. Nothing to distract from their misery.† Sophie motioned through the vast opening that gave way to the circular section of the church. â€Å"It looks like a fortress in there,† she whispered. Langdon agreed. Even from here, the walls looked unusually robust. â€Å"The Knights Templar were warriors,† Teabing reminded, the sound of his aluminum crutches echoing in this reverberant space. â€Å"A religio-military society. Their churches were their strongholds and their banks.† â€Å"Banks?† Sophie asked, glancing at Leigh. â€Å"Heavens, yes. The Templars invented the concept of modern banking. For European nobility, traveling with gold was perilous, so the Templars allowed nobles to deposit gold in their nearest Temple Church and then draw it from any other Temple Church across Europe. All they needed was proper documentation.† He winked. â€Å"And a small commission. They were the original ATMs.† Teabing pointed toward a stained-glass window where the breaking sun was refracting through a white-clad knight riding a rose-colored horse. â€Å"Alanus Marcel,† Teabing said,† Master of the Temple in the early twelve hundreds. He and his successors actually held the Parliamentary chair of Primus Baro Angiae.† Langdon was surprised. â€Å"First Baron of the Realm?† Teabing nodded. â€Å"The Master of the Temple, some claim, held more influence than the king himself.† As they arrived outside the circular chamber, Teabing shot a glance over his shoulder at the altar boy, who was vacuuming in the distance. â€Å"You know,† Teabing whispered to Sophie,† the Holy Grail is said to once have been stored in this church overnight while the Templars moved it from one hiding place to another. Can you imagine the four chests of Sangreal documents sitting right here with Mary Magdalene's sarcophagus? It gives me gooseflesh.† Langdon was feeling gooseflesh too as they stepped into the circular chamber. His eye traced the curvature of the chamber's pale stone perimeter, taking in the carvings of gargoyles, demons, monsters, and pained human faces, all staring inward. Beneath the carvings, a single stone pew curled around the entire circumference of the room. â€Å"Theater in the round,† Langdon whispered. Teabing raised a crutch, pointing toward the far left of the room and then to the far right. Langdon had already seen them. Ten stone knights. Five on the left. Five on the right. Lying prone on the floor, the carved, life-sized figures rested in peaceful poses. The knights were depicted wearing full armor, shields, and swords, and the tombs gave Langdon the uneasy sensation that someone had snuck in and poured plaster over the knights while they were sleeping. All of the figures were deeply weathered, and yet each was clearly unique – different armory pieces, distinct leg and arm positions, facial features, and markings on their shields. In London lies a knight a Pope interred. Langdon felt shaky as he inched deeper into the circular room. This had to be the place.